Yellow Sapphire/Topaz/Pushkaraj (for Jupiter): One of the most widely used gems to help achieve better financial status. The wearer may get plenty of wealth, good health, name honour and fame if the Gems suits him or her.

• It is also believed that if there are obstructions in finding a suitable match for a girl, she gets married early by wearing a Yellow Sapphire.
  
• This is normally faint yellow in colour. Topaz or Pushkraj is a cold gem.
  
• It improves vision, ,gives life security, protects ones from poverty, removes adversity, misfortune and melancholy.
  
• In diseases, Topaz cures diarrhea, gastritis, ulcer, rheumatism, jaundice, insomnia, heart troubles, impotency, gout, arthritis, pain in knee joints, etc.
  
• Topaz should be worn in gold, on 1st finger of right hand on Thursday. The weight should be of 7 or 13 grams.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Sapphires are simply crystallized alumina and in their pure form are devoid of colour.
• Sapphires are found in various colours, which include pink, blue, green, yellow, orange and white.
• In India, Yellow Sapphire is known as Pukhraj and Blue Sapphire is known as Neelam.
• It has a specific gravity of 3.99; mean refractive index (RI) 1.765 and Hardness of 9 on the Moh's scale.

OCCURRENCE

Sapphires are found in India, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Russia, Thailand, Australia, U.S.A, U.K., Nepal, Mexico, Zambia and Nigeria.

In India, Sapphires are found in Jammu. These are considered to be the best in the world. Few sapphires are also found in Orissa but they are not of very high quality.

IDENTIFICATION

Natural Sapphires carry within them clear signs of slow crystallization. Some of the external elements sometimes remain preserved in the Gem, which helps its identification. Like all other precious gems it should have inclusions, which should be visible to the naked eye or under magnification. Otherwise, it is a piece of glass or a synthetic substance.

The inclusions are generally like 'feathers' or are like finger print impressions. Liquid inclusions looking like lace are also sometimes visible.

Synthetic Sapphires are very common in the market and many traders in order to earn fast money sell them as originals. These are very clear and under magnification show bubble like inclusions. Sometimes feather like inclusions have also seen but they shine abnormally under light.